85

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um,v[kwmç pdwåv[kwm/ tukodkvfw&m;wdkYonf xderd'¨wdkY\ zdESduf[efYwm;rIaMumifh av;vH 
 

 

 

 

 xdkif;rIdif;ouJhodkY ½SdMuukef\/ b0ifawG rsm;pGmjcm;vsuf 0Dxdpdwf 

tjzpfrjrefyJ aES;aES;uefuef½SdMuukef\/ þaombew&m;wdkYum; xdkxderd'¨jy|mef;aom udav 
omwdkY r,SOfojzifh vsifjrefayghyg;Muukef\/ um,v[kwmonf apwodufrsm;\ av;vHaES;uefrI 
udk ESdyfeif;y,f½Sm;í pdwåv[kwmçu pdwf\av;vHrIudk y,f½Sm;onf/

ayghyg;vsifjrefyHk/ ukodkvfaumif;rIvkyfief;üvnf;aumif;ç tedpö paom ur®|mef;ESvHk;oGif;rI ponfü 
        vnf;aumif; ukodkvfBud,m aZm0DxdwdkY tMum;tMum;0,f b0ifrsm;pGmrjcm;yJ 
b0iftpOfrS xumxum aZm0DxdwdkYudk oGufoGufvufvuf jzpfapEdkifjcif;udk ]]v[kwm}} vsif 
jref ayghyg;aom oabm[k qdkonf/ ]]vsifjrefayghyg;}} [laom pum;t& ]]aombew&m;rsm;onf   
taombexuf  tjzpftysufjref\}}[k rrSwfrSm;vifh? jzpfysuf&mumvrSm cPwå,csif;wlrQonf/
þv[kwm\ tpGrf;aMumifh ½lyum,vnf; vsifjrefayghyg;\/ ukodkvfpdwf jzpfaeaomtcg 
cE¨mudk,f ayghyg;yHkç OaAÁ*gyDwd tultnD&aomtcg aumif;uifodkYyif jyefwufEdkifyHkrsm;udk axmufí
þv[kwmapwodufrsm;\ owådudk odyg/ 
 

 

omref ukodkvfjyKwJhtcg yg0ifwJh  v[kwmoabmonf rxif½Sm;aomfvnf; w&m; 

tm;xkwfí aumif;onhftcgrSm xif½Sm;onf/ w&m;tm;xkwfí txl;aumif;onfhtcgrSm txuf 
udkrsm; <uwufoGm;awmhrSmavvm;[k xif&onf/ tJ'Doabmonf um,v[kwmç pdwåv[kwm
jzpfonf/ 

um,rk'kwmç pdwårk'kwm/ 'd|drme jy|mef;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYonf twåpGJvrf;rIç  ig ig [k 
                 rSwfxifrIwdkYjzifh  rnfolYudkrQ *½krpdkuf trIrxm;? aqmifh<um;<um;Edkif 
ouJhodkY jzpfum vGefpGm cufxef Murf;wrf;Muukef\/ þaombew&m;wdkYum; xdk 'd|d rme wdkY 
r,SOfrIaMumifh El;El;nHhnHhjzpfvsuf cufxefMurf;wrf;jcif; r½SdMuukef? um,rk'kwmonf apwoduf 
taygif;\ cufxefjcif;udk ESdyfeif;y,f½Sm;í pdwårk'kwmçu pdwf\cufxefjcif;udk ESdyfeif;y,f½Sm;onf/
þrk'kwmwdkY\tpGrf;aMumifh ½lyum,vnf; El;nHhaysmhaysmif;\/ ed0gw(ESdrfhcsjcif;) edrme 
(rmer½Sdjcif;) tm;BuD;olwdkY\ udk,ftrlt&mudk Munfhyg/
 
 

El;nHhwJha½Tudk yef;wdrfq&monf tvdk½Sdovdk vufaumufvufpGyfyHk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ a½Tu 

Murf;wrf;ae&if xkvdkuf½kdufvdkuf&if tufuGJoGm;onf/ vdkwJhyHkpH vkyfvdkYr&yg/ tJ'DvdkyJ pdwfEl;nHh